# Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) > Measures material dimension changes with temp, time, or force. Source: https://covalent.com/techniques/thermal-analysis/thermomechanical-analysis-tma/ Updated: 2026-04-23T15:32:10+00:00 --- ![](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/themes/covalent/assets/images/blog-default-banner.jpg) ![](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/themes/covalent/assets/images/blog-mobile-banner.jpg) [Core Lab](https://covalent.com/covalent-core-lab/) # Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) TMA measures how a material’s dimensions change with temperature, time, or applied force. By tracking tiny expansions, contractions, or deformations under controlled heating or cooling, it reveals thermal stability, softening points, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and thermomechanical transitions essential for material reliability. [Add to Quote](#) ## What Is Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)? Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA), also referred to as thermal expansion analysis or dimensional stability testing, is a technique that measures the dimensional change of a material in relation to temperature, time, and force. In a TMA measurement, a small probe is placed in contact with the sample. As the temperature is ramped up or held constant, the instrument records the displacement of the probe caused by the sample’s dimensional changes. Depending on the mode, this can include expansion, compression, penetration, or flexural response under load. Complete Thermal Insight ### Complete Thermal Insight Reveals expansion, shrinkage, and softening for real-world performance understanding. Failure Risk Reduction ### Failure Risk Reduction Detects CTE mismatches and instability early to prevent [material failures](/solutions/failure-analysis/). Deeper Material Profiling ### Deeper Material Profiling Pairs with DSC or DMA for fuller [thermal-mechanical characterization.](/techniques/thermal-analysis/) ## Why Use TMA? Thermomechanical Analysis helps understand how materials expand, contract, or deform under changing temperatures or applied forces. This information is critical for evaluating dimensional stability, thermal expansion coefficients (CTE), softening points, and glass transition temperatures (Tg). TMA ensures that materials maintain structural integrity in real-world conditions, especially when exposed to thermal stress. With sub-micron displacement precision and multi-mode testing options, it provides a complete picture of mechanical and thermal behavior. These insights guide material design, prevent thermal failures, and improve product reliability across applications. ### Multi-Mode Testing Performs expansion, penetration, tension, and compression for varied material analysis. ### High Precision Measures sub-micron displacement and applies controlled force for accurate results. ### Wide Test Range Operates from −70 °C to 400 °C under air or inert gas (N2) for diverse material types. ## Covalent’s Capabilities Offer Nanoscale, Multimodal AFM Surface Insight [Get a Quote](https://covalent.com/get-a-quote/) ## Working Principle In TMA testing, the sample sits on a stage with a light load applied by a probe to track dimensional change as temperature changes. The instrument follows a programmed heating or cooling profile while recording the probe’s displacement. A purge gas, such as nitrogen, is typically used alongside. Thermomechanical analysis can be performed in the following modes: - **Expansion mode:** measures the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and dimensional change. - **Penetration mode:** Identifies softening point or glass transition temperatures (Tg). - **Tension/compression mode:** Measures mechanical response under axial load. Plotting displacement against temperature will reveal when the material transitions or changes mechanically. ### Equipment Used for TMA: #### TA Instruments Discovery TMA 450EM Non-contact, friction-free motor delivers forces from 0.001 N to 2 N enabling measurements on the widest range of samples, from soft compressible elastomers to stiff composite materials. Wide-range, high-resolution measurement transducer accommodates sample lengths up to 26 mm and a measuring range of ±2.5 mm with resolution as low as 15 nm for an accurate dimensional change measurement. Advanced testing modes of Modulated TMA (MTMA), Dynamic TMA, Creep and Stress Relaxation. - Dynamic baseline drift: < 1 µm (-100 – 500 °C) - Normal Force Range: 0.001 N to 2 N - Temperature range: – 70 – 400 °C - Temperature Precision: ± 1 °C - Heating Rate: 0.1 to 150 °C/min [View Spec Sheet](https://www.tainstruments.com/pdf/brochure/BROCH-TMA-450.pdf) ### Key Differentiators Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) measures how materials expand, shrink, or deform with temperature and force, revealing key properties like CTE, Tg, and softening points. With sub-micron displacement precision, multiple test modes (expansion, penetration, compression, tension), and a wide −70 °C to 400 °C range, Covalent’s TMA delivers high-accuracy insights into dimensional stability and thermal performance. Ideal for thin films, laminates, polymers, and composites, it helps detect early failure risks and ensure long-term reliability. #### Strengths - Provides a variety of modes and probes. - Able to test various samples and form factors. #### Limitations - 400°C limit. - Not suitable for high-force compression, [tensile testing](/techniques/mechanical-testing/tensile-testing/), refractory ceramics, or high-temperature metals. - Requires small samples; macroscale specimens need sectioning. - Humidity control is not available. Two colleagues working together on a laptop, discussing a project in a bright, professional environment. ## Unsure Whether TMA Is Right for You? Learn more about TMA services today. [Talk to an Expert](https://covalent.com/contact-us/) ## Sample Information Example Output Sample Requirements A typical TMA output is a displacement vs. temperature curve from which CTE can be calculated (see below): [https://covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/tma-curve-of-aluminum.png](https://covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/tma-curve-of-aluminum.png) TMA curve of Aluminum ### What we accept: - Maximum Sample Size – Solid: 26 mm (L) x 10 mm (D). Higher thickness (5-10 mm) preferred - Maximum Sample Size – Film/fiber: 26 mm (L) x 1.0 mm (t) x 4.7 mm (W) - Static Operation: 26 mm (L) x 1.0 mm (t) x 4.7 mm (W) - Dynamic Operation: 26 mm (L) x 0.35 mm (t) x 4.7 mm (W) ## Use Cases - Electronics & Semiconductor - Polymers & Plastics - Composites & Laminates - Medical Devices - Advanced Materials & Coatings - ![Electronics & Semiconductor](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/uc-semiconductor.jpg) ### Electronics & Semiconductor TMA helps assess CTE mismatch between polymers and metals in multilayer film stacks, preventing delamination, warping, and reliability issues in packaging and device assembly. - ![Polymers & Plastics](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/uc-polymers-coatings.jpg) ### [Polymers & Plastics](/applications/polymer-and-plastic-analysis-testing-services/) Used to determine glass transition temperature (Tg), softening point, and dimensional stability in polymers like PET and engineering thermoplastics, ensuring consistent performance under heat. - ![Composites and Laminates](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/uc-composites-high-Performance-materials.jpg) ### Composites & Laminates Evaluates expansion and shrinkage behavior to maintain structural integrity during thermal cycling or curing, crucial for aerospace, automotive, and industrial composites. - ![Medical Devices](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/uc-medical-devices.jpg) ### Medical Devices Supports material selection and validation by comparing softening, deformation, and recovery in medical-grade polymers exposed to sterilization or operating temperatures. - ![Advanced Materials and Coatings](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/uc-coating-and-adhesion-optimization.jpg) ### Advanced Materials & Coatings Measures expansion and contraction in low-k dielectric films, foams, and specialty coatings, helping predict material behavior during processing or in end-use environments. ## Complementary Techniques - DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) is used for precise glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting point determination. - DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) is suggested for viscoelastic behavior and storage or loss modulus determination. - FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) is great for identifying chemical degradation during thermal cycling. [Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)](https://covalent.com/techniques/thermal-analysis/differential-scanning-calorimetry-dsc-services/) Quantifies heat flow for material optimization. [Explore](https://covalent.com/techniques/thermal-analysis/differential-scanning-calorimetry-dsc-services/) [Add to Quote](#) [Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)](https://covalent.com/techniques/mechanical-testing/dynamic-mechanical-analysis-services-dma/) Characterizes thermal and mechanical properties of soft materials. [Explore](https://covalent.com/techniques/mechanical-testing/dynamic-mechanical-analysis-services-dma/) [Add to Quote](#) [Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)](https://covalent.com/techniques/chemical-analysis/fourier-transformed-infrared-spectroscopy-ftir/) Rapid, non-destructive molecular fingerprinting across materials. [Explore](https://covalent.com/techniques/chemical-analysis/fourier-transformed-infrared-spectroscopy-ftir/) [Add to Quote](#) ## Why Choose Covalent for Your TMA Needs? Covalent has a depth of knowledge and expertise with TMA analysis services, applications and is highly capable of pairing TMA with other complementary techniques, which provides for insights into the desired material. ## Frequently Asked Questions Identifying the right test can be complex, but it doesn’t have to be complicated. Here are some questions we are frequently asked. - ### What kinds of samples can be tested with TMA analysis services? TMA analysis services can test a variety of materials, including thin films, laminates, adhesives, polymers, and composites. - ### Do the samples need to conform to a specific geometry? Yes, small flat samples (≤10 mm) are ideal. Covalent offers help with sample sectioning or mounting if needed. - ### Can I run tests in an inert atmosphere? Yes, a nitrogen purge is standard. - ### How long does the TMA testing service take? The turnaround is typically 5 business days after the sample is received. We offer expedited options. Resources ![](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/themes/covalent/assets/images/resource-bg-c.svg) Resources ![](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/themes/covalent/assets/images/resource-bg-o.svg) [![Pressing Ahead: Unveiling Material Insights Through Dynamic Nanoindentation](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/dynamic-nanoindentation-768x505.png) Webinar Pressing Ahead: Unveiling Material Insights Through Dynamic Nanoindentation 60 mins Jul 18, 2024](https://covalent.com/webinars/pressing-ahead-unveiling-material-insights-through-dynamic-nanoindentation/) [![Optimizing Polymers and Adhesive Materials With Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Episode-22-Banner_v3.0_zoom-768x768.png) Webinar Optimizing Polymers and Adhesive Materials With Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry 60 mins May 06, 2021](https://covalent.com/webinars/optimizing-polymers-and-adhesive-materials-with-thermogravimetric-analysis-and-differential-scanning-calorimetry/) [![Metals Testing](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Metals-Testing.svg) Application Metals Testing Jun 10, 2025](https://covalent.com/applications/metals-testing-and-failure-analysis-lab/) [![Mechanical Testing](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Structural-Mechanical-Properties.svg) Application Mechanical Testing Jun 10, 2025](https://covalent.com/applications/mechanical-testing/) [![Introducing Nanoindentation ‘Sinus Mode’ for Dynamic Mechanical Analysis on Polymer Coatings](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/themes/covalent/assets/images/resource-thumbnail.jpg) Blog Introducing Nanoindentation ‘Sinus Mode’ for Dynamic Mechanical Analysis on Polymer Coatings 3 min read Jun 12, 2024](https://covalent.com/blog/introducing-nanoindentation-sinus-mode-for-thermomechanical-analysis-on-polymer-coatings/) [![Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Polymer Coatings by Nanoindentation](https://spcdn.shortpixel.ai/spio/ret_img,q_cdnize,to_auto,s_webp:avif/covalent.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Dynamic-Mechanical-Analysis-of-Polymer-Coatings-by-Nanoindentation.jpg) Application Note Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Polymer Coatings by Nanoindentation Jun 05, 2024](https://covalent.com/resource-library/dynamic-mechanical-analysis-of-polymer-coatings-by-nanoindentation/) Need Expert Guidance? Our experts can help you determine if this approach is the best fit for your samples and discuss the next steps. [Talk to a Materials Scientist](https://covalent.com/contact-us/)